Which dental condition is characterized by swelling, bleeding, and tenderness of the gums?

Gingivitis is characterized by swelling, bleeding, and tenderness of the gums, making it a common and early form of periodontal disease. It occurs due to the accumulation of plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—on the teeth and gums. If not removed through proper oral hygiene, plaque can irritatingly affect the gum tissue, leading to inflammation and the classic symptoms associated with gingivitis.

This condition can be identified during a dental examination, where the gums may appear red and puffy, and bleeding may occur during brushing or flossing. It's important to address gingivitis promptly, as it can progress to more severe forms of periodontal disease if neglected.

Other options, such as dental calculus, are related to the hardened form of plaque that can lead to more severe periodontal issues but do not directly present with the symptoms of swelling and tenderness. Caries, or cavities, refer to tooth decay caused by bacteria and do not typically involve the gums. Halitosis is the term for chronic bad breath, which may stem from various oral health issues but does not specifically describe the condition of the gums. Therefore, gingivitis is the most accurate answer, focusing on the symptoms of gum swelling, bleeding, and tenderness.